टाइपस्क्रिप्ट साक्षात्कार प्रश्न 2026: प्रकार, जेनरिक और उन्नत पैटर्न

// Interface — can be merged (declaration merging), preferred for objects
interface User {
  id: number;
  name: string;
}

// Extend interface
interface AdminUser extends User {
  role: 'admin';
}

// Declaration merging (unique to interface)
interface User {
  email: string;  // adds to existing interface
}

// Type alias — more flexible, supports unions and intersections
type ID = string | number;
type Status = 'pending' | 'active' | 'inactive';
type ApiResponse<T> = { data: T; error: string | null; };

// Intersection
type AuthUser = User & { token: string };

// When to use:
// interface: for objects, especially when extending or merging
// type: for unions, intersections, primitives, tuples

// Generic function — works with any type
function first<T>(items: T[]): T | undefined {
  return items[0];
}

const num = first([1, 2, 3]);      // type: number | undefined
const str = first(['a', 'b']);     // type: string | undefined

// Generic with constraints
function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
  return obj[key];
}

const user = { id: 1, name: 'Alice', age: 30 };
const name = getProperty(user, 'name');  // type: string
// getProperty(user, 'foo');  // Error! 'foo' not in keyof User

// Generic class
class Repository<T extends { id: number }> {
  private items: T[] = [];

  add(item: T): void { this.items.push(item); }

  findById(id: number): T | undefined {
    return this.items.find(i => i.id === id);
  }

  getAll(): T[] { return [...this.items]; }
}

const userRepo = new Repository<User>();
userRepo.add({ id: 1, name: 'Alice' });

interface User {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  email: string;
  password: string;
  role: 'admin' | 'user';
}

// Partial — all optional
type UserUpdate = Partial<User>;

// Required — all required (reverse of Partial)
type StrictUser = Required<User>;

// Pick — select fields
type PublicUser = Pick<User, 'id' | 'name' | 'email'>;

// Omit — exclude fields
type CreateUserInput = Omit<User, 'id'>;
type SafeUser = Omit<User, 'password'>;

// Readonly
type ImmutableUser = Readonly<User>;

// Record — map type
type UsersByRole = Record<'admin' | 'user', User[]>;

// Extract / Exclude
type StringOrNumber = string | number | boolean;
type OnlyString = Extract<StringOrNumber, string>;   // string
type NoBoolean = Exclude<StringOrNumber, boolean>;   // string | number

// ReturnType / Parameters
async function fetchUser(id: number): Promise<User> { /* ... */ return {} as User; }
type FetchResult = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fetchUser>>;   // User
type FetchArgs = Parameters<typeof fetchUser>;              // [number]

// NonNullable
type MaybeUser = User | null | undefined;
type DefiniteUser = NonNullable<MaybeUser>;  // User

// any — disables type checking (avoid!)
let a: any = 'hello';
a.toUpperCase();  // OK (even if string)
a.nonExistent();  // No error! Dangerous!

// unknown — type-safe alternative to any
let b: unknown = 'hello';
// b.toUpperCase();  // Error! Must narrow first
// b.nonExistent();  // Error!

// Must narrow unknown before use
if (typeof b === 'string') {
  b.toUpperCase();  // OK — narrowed to string
}

// Real use case: typed error handling
async function fetchData(): Promise<unknown> {
  const r = await fetch('/api/data');
  return r.json();
}

const data = await fetchData();
if (typeof data === 'object' && data !== null && 'users' in data) {
  console.log((data as { users: User[] }).users);
}

// Map over keys of an existing type
type Optional<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]?: T[K];
};

type Nullable<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]: T[K] | null;
};

type ReadonlyUser = {
  readonly [K in keyof User]: User[K];
};

// Conditional mapped type — change type based on condition
type NonNullableProps<T> = {
  [K in keyof T]-?: NonNullable<T[K]>;  // -? removes optional
};

// Key remapping (TS 4.1+)
type Getters<T> = {
  [K in keyof T as `get${Capitalize<string & K>}`]: () => T[K];
};

type UserGetters = Getters<User>;
// { getId: () => number; getName: () => string; ... }

type EventName = 'click' | 'focus' | 'blur';
type Handler = `on${Capitalize<EventName>}`;
// 'onClick' | 'onFocus' | 'onBlur'

type Route = '/users' | '/posts' | '/comments';
type ApiRoute = `${Route}/${number}`;
// '/users/1' | '/posts/2' etc.

// Real use case: CSS properties
type Side = 'top' | 'bottom' | 'left' | 'right';
type CSSPadding = `padding-${Side}`;
// 'padding-top' | 'padding-bottom' | 'padding-left' | 'padding-right'

// Event emitter with type safety
type Events = {
  'user:created': { user: User };
  'order:placed': { orderId: string; total: number };
};

declare function emit<K extends keyof Events>(event: K, data: Events[K]): void;
emit('user:created', { user: { id: 1, name: 'Alice' } });  // type-safe!

type Result<T, E = Error> =
  | { success: true; data: T }
  | { success: false; error: E };

function handleResult<T>(result: Result<T>) {
  if (result.success) {
    console.log(result.data);   // TypeScript knows: data exists
  } else {
    console.error(result.error); // TypeScript knows: error exists
  }
}

// Shape discriminated union
type Shape =
  | { kind: 'circle'; radius: number }
  | { kind: 'rectangle'; width: number; height: number }
  | { kind: 'triangle'; base: number; height: number };

function area(shape: Shape): number {
  switch (shape.kind) {
    case 'circle': return Math.PI * shape.radius ** 2;
    case 'rectangle': return shape.width * shape.height;
    case 'triangle': return 0.5 * shape.base * shape.height;
  }
}